「〜ようなら/〜ようだったら」is used when you observe the current situation or someone's state and speak on that basis. Saying「歩けないようだったら」instead of「歩けなかったら」gives a more polite impression. The polite form「〜ようでしたら」is also used.
「〜もので/〜ものですから」is used to politely explain that the current situation is due to a reason on your own side. In conversation with friends,「〜もんで/〜もんだから」is used.
Connection PI + もので/ものですから [なAだな Nだな]
Examples
慣れないものですから、ご迷惑をおかけするかもしれませんが、どうぞよろしくお願いします。
I'm not used to this yet, so I may cause you some trouble, but I look forward to working with you.
余計な一言を言ってしまったものだから、取引先の部長を怒らせてしまった。
I said one thing too many, and it made the manager of our client company angry.
出張中だったもので、先日の会議に出席できなくて、申し訳ございませんでした。
I was away on a business trip, so I couldn't attend the other day's meeting. I apologize.
A:この間のメール、変換ミスがいっぱいあったよ。 B:ごめん。急いでたもんだから…。
A: There were so many conversion mistakes in that email the other day. B: Sorry, I was in a hurry...
A:遅かったね。 B:ごめん。途中で事故があったもんで…。
A: You're late. B: Sorry, there was an accident on the way...
「〜なんか」is used in place of「〜など」. It suggests that other things would be fine too and leaves the judgment to the other person, which makes the tone softer. The form「〜なんて」is also used.
Connection N + なんか
Examples
こちらのセーターなんかいかがでしょう。この色は今年の流行色ですよ。
How about this sweater? This color is this year's trend color.
A: I'd like to exercise, but I never quite get around to it... B: There are sports that anyone can easily enjoy. Bowling, for example, would be nice, wouldn't it?
スープにするなら、この肉なんかいいと思いますよ。
If you're making soup, I think this kind of meat would be good.
温泉旅行のプレゼントなんてお年寄りにとても喜ばれますよ。
Something like a hot spring trip makes a gift that elderly people will be very happy with.
「〜うちに」is used, as in「説明を聞いているうちにだんだんわかってきた」(as I listened to the explanation, I gradually came to understand), to say that a change happens naturally while some action continues. It is also used, as in「説明を聞いているうちに寝てしまった」(I fell asleep while listening to the explanation), to say that something that was not the case before comes about (often without one noticing) during that time.
Connection V-る/V-ている + うちに *「V-ない+うちに」の形も使われる。
Examples
今はまだ上手じゃなくても練習を重ねるうちにできるようになるよ。
You're not good at it yet, but you'll be able to do it as you keep practicing.
何度も会っているうちに、相手のことがよくわかるようになった。
As I kept meeting him, I came to understand him better.
留守にしているうちに、庭に雑草が生えてしまった。
While we were away from home, weeds grew in the garden.
調査を進めるうちにその企業の問題点が明らかになった。
As the investigation went on, the company's problems became clear.
「〜たばかり」is used when hardly any time has passed since something happened. As in「半年前に家を建てたばかり」(I only built the house half a year ago), it can also be used when the speaker feels that little time has passed.
Connection V-た + ばかり
Examples
父は昨日退院したばかりなのに、今日から会社に出ている。
My father was discharged from the hospital only yesterday, yet he is already going to work today.
日本に来たばかりのころは、電車にも乗れませんでした。
When I had just arrived in Japan, I couldn't even ride the train.
A:もうタイ語、読めるようになった? B:ううん。まだ習い始めたばかりだから…。
A: Can you read Thai yet? B: No, I've only just started learning...
引っ越してきたばかりで、近所に住んでいる人がまだよくわからない。
I've only just moved in, so I don't really know the people living nearby yet.
あれ、あの人の名前何だっけ? さっき聞いたばかりなのに…。
Huh, what was that person's name? I only just asked....
「〜ばいいのに」expresses the speaker's regret that the present situation differs from what they wish it were. It is sometimes also used to criticize the other person's behavior somewhat and urge them strongly to act differently.
「〜てもらってもいいですか」is used when you want to say "please do..." while feeling sorry for troubling the other person. With someone you are not close to, it is better to say「〜ていただきたいんですが…。」.
Connection V-て + もらってもいいですか
Examples
ファイルで送りますから、アドレス教えてもらってもいいですか。
I'll send it as a file, so could you tell me your email address?
A:木村君、明日までにこのデータをまとめてもらってもいいかな。 B:はい、わかりました。
A: Kimura, could you put this data together by tomorrow? B: Yes, understood.